SYLLABUS

ANTHROPOLOGY 337 - SPRING 2003

Human Biological Variation

Instructor: Michael A. Little
Class Time & Place: Tuesday & Thursday 8:30 - 9:55 AM
LH 003
Office Location: Science 1 - 102
Office Hours: Tues & Thurs 10:00-11:00 AM and by appointment
Telephone: 7-2732
Email: mlittle@binghamton.edu
 
Course Content and Objectives
Two important characteristics of members of our species are extraordinary variation and adaptability. Anthropology 337 is a course designed to explore processes and origins of human biological variation and adaptation. Sources of variations are developmental, phenotypic, hereditary, gender, individual, population, evolutionary, ecological and random. What sets us apart from other mammalian species and contributes to further variation is our complex form of behavior known as culture. The focus of the course is on how humans respond and adapt to the environment. These responses are viewed within a biocultural perspective: that is, with the knowledge that human biology must always be studied within the behavioral and cultural contexts.
 
Required Reading

(HB) Stinson, S., B. Bogin, R. Huss-Ashmore, and D. O'Rourke. 2000. Human Biology: An Evolutionary and Biocultural Perspective. Wiley-Liss, New York.

Human Biology is a text that was produced for the Human Biology Association and to which a number of key members of the profession of biological anthropology contributed. The most difficult chapters to comprehend are likely to be the three genetics chapters (3, 4, and 5), the epidemiology chapter (7), and the demography chapter (14). You should probably read each of these chapters twice. The materials covered in the book are timely and state of the art.

Other timely readings may be assigned throughout the semester.

Course Format

The format will be lecture but with discussion encouraged. Midterm exam (30%); term poster (25%) due at end of week 13; comprehensive final exam (40%); class participation (5%).

Course Outline

Weeks

Sessions Topic Assignment
1-2 3 Biocultural Adaptation, Human Variation, Evolution, History of Human Biology HB 1,2
2-3 1 Ecology, Environment, Human ecology  
3-4 3 Genetics HB 3-5
5-6 3 The Human Life Cycle HB 11-13
6-7 3 Population/Demography HB 14, 15
7 1 <<MIDTERM EXAMINATION>>  
8-9 3 Ecology, Climate, and Adaptation HB 6
9-10 3 Diet and Nutrition HB 9
11 2 Work, Physical Activity, and Energy Expenditure HB 10
12-13 3 Health, Epidemiology, and Disease HB 7, 8
13 1 Modernization, Biodiversity, and a Global Environment  
14 2 <<POSTER PRESENTATIONS>>  
TBA   <<REVIEW>>  
TBA   <<COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAMINATION>>

 
The Poster Presentation
Posters will be due about a week before the end of the semester.

Since the major emphasis of the course is on human biobehavioral variation, posters must address this perspective or they are considered inappropriate for presentation. Therefore, all poster topics must be approved by the instructor before major research and planning begins, and this approval is contingent on a rough outline of the plan for the poster.

Some of the journals that are appropriate for literature searches and reviews of appropriate topics are listed here:

  American Journal of Human Biology   Human Biology  
  American Journal of Physical Anthropology   Journal of Biosocial Science  
  Yearbook of Physical Anthropology   Annals of Human Biology  
  Social Biology   Annual Review of Anthropology  

See your instructor for advice on other scientific literature.

The poster should be a review of a specific topic for a single population from the lists below. This involves a synthesis of existing information about a topic. You should cover a reasonable amount of literature and present a coherent picture of our present state of knowledge. Organization and a careful literature search are important considerations for this kind of paper.

Preparing the Poster

Posters are being used more frequently than presented papers at scientific meetings. They are an effective way to present information that is both attractive and interesting, and where the viewer can read the materials at her/his own pace. The scientific materials for the poster should be collected in the same way as materials for a term paper. The difference is that a poster should include more diagrams, tables, photos, and other illustrative materials and less text than a term paper.

After you have gathered your literature and materials on the topic. Prepare an outline of what you wish to present. Then design your presentation with text and figures, and make an initial sketch of your poster, allocating space for an introduction, other topical headings, and a conclusion. Try different arrangements and styles to achieve clarity and simplicity. Use color to enhance and emphasize. The title should be legible 8 feet away, whereas the rest of the poster should be legible at a distance of 5 feet. Enlargements of Xerox copies (including color Xerox copies) of illustrative materials are appropriate for the poster. All illustrations, text, etc. can be mounted to the poster with rubber cement, dry mounting tissue, or two sided adhesive tape. Initial design, measurement, and careful planning is absolutely necessary to produce a neat and well-presented poster.

Evaluation of Posters

Each student will evaluate each of the other posters. This information will be held confidential by the instructor. The instructor will also evaluate each poster, and will take into account (but not be bound by) the student evaluations.

Topics

  Historical approach to biocultural process (e.g., secular trends)  
  Population, evolution, and genetics  
  Health and illness -- biocultural approaches  
  Infectious disease and (a) selection, (b) biocultural interaction, or (c) environmental interaction (e.g., TB, AIDS, STDs, plague, malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, cholera, typhoid fever)  
  Degenerative disease and (a) selection, (b) biocultural interaction, or (c) environmental interaction (e.g., arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, kuru, Parkinsonian dementia, osteoporosis)  
  Nutrition and (a) selection, (b) biocultural interaction, or (c) environmental interaction (e.g., goiter, lactase deficiency, breastfeeding, kwashiorkor, marasmus, various requirements, child growth, disease interactions)  
  Climate and (a) selection, (b) biocultural interaction, or (c) environmental interaction (e.g., heat stress [dry or wet], cold stress, circadian rhythms, photoperiodicity, solar radiation, altitude stress)  
  Population demography and (a) selection, (b) biocultural interaction, or (c) environmental interaction (e.g., change through time, fertility, migration as response to stress, patterns of mortality)  
  Physical activity and (a) selection, (b) biocultural interaction, or (c) environmental interaction (e.g., fitness and subsistence, diet, lack of in modern society, growth and maturation)  
  Reproduction (including maternal and infant health, nutrition, infection, etc.) within the social, ethnic, and/or environmental contexts.  
  Environmental stresses at specific ages or physiological states (e.g., fetus, infant, child adolescent, elderly, pregnant, lactating, ill)  
Populations
  Arctic Eskimo Hunters (Iñuit, Iñupiat) -- U.S., Canada, Greenland  
  Lapp (Saami) Reindeer Herders -- Northern Scandinavia

 
  Yanomamö Tropical Forest Horticulturists -- Venezuela, Brazil  
  Andean Quechua Herders and Cultivators -- Peru, Bolivia  
  Savanna Turkana Nomadic Pastoralists -- Kenya  
  Savanna Maasai Pastoralists -- Kenya/Tanzania  
  Pygmy Tropical Forest Hunter-Gatherers -- Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Zaïre, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Zambia  
  Kalahari Bushmen (San) Hunter-Gatherers -- Namibia, Botswana, South Africa  
  Pacific Samoans -- Western and American Samoa  
  New Guinea Populations -- Papua New Guinea  
  Any migrant population of specific ethnicity  

The population study can be in the context of a "traditional" society of in a society undergoing modernization/Westernization (either in situ or through migration).

 

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