Department of Anthropology
Binghamton University

Instructor: Dr Thomas M. Wilson
Office: Science 1, Room 204.
Office hours: Monday, 1700-1800; Tuesday, 1800-1900; or by appointment.

This course will focus on political change in Northern Ireland by drawing on anthropological and sociological understandings of community and ethnicity. It will look at the role played by ritual, symbols, social memory and popular culture, using comparative material to reflect upon the dynamic political landscape. Of particular interest will be the relationship between identity and politics in Northern Ireland, which will be examined by contrasting the apparently simple political divisions of 'Protestant' and 'Catholic', 'Unionist' and 'Nationalist' with the complexities of local politics and personal identities, including other forms of identity such as social class, gender, locality and age. These themes will be explored through the investigation of two key case studies: the first deals with the definition of community and territory through parades and demonstrations, murals, popular culture, cultures of resistance, ideas of 'tradition' and 'social memory'; the second focuses on gender, power and the subaltern within the republican movement in Belfast. The course will conclude by looking at these issues within wider global contexts of terrorism, divided societies, human rights, peace and reconciliation, democracy, devolution and changing notions of political and civil society.

3. Course Readings:
The course required texts, all of which are available in the university bookstore, are

B. Aretxaga, Shattering Silence, 1997, Princeton University Press.
D. Bryan, Orange Parades, 2000, Pluto Press.
C. Coulter, Contemporary Northern Irish Society, 1999, Pluto Press.
Cox, M., A. Guelke, and F. Stephen, (eds) A Farewell to Arms? From War to Peace in Northern Ireland, 2000, Manchester University Press.
R. Jenkins, Rethinking Ethnicity, 1997, Sage.
J. McGarry, (ed) Northern Ireland and the Divided World, 2001, Oxford University Press.
J. Ruane and J. Todd, The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland, 1996, Cambridge University Press.
J. Tonge, Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change, 2nd ed., 2002, Longman.

In addition, a few books and articles will be placed on reserve in the library over the semester. Students will be notified of these additional readings as they become available, and will be given ample opportunity to consult these in preparation for class discussions, exams and research.

4. Course Requirements and Assessment:
The course format will be lecture, video screenings, and discussion. Student attendance at all class sessions is required; absences may have a deleterious effect on the assessed grade. Examinations will test the student's ability to integrate and articulate material covered in the readings, lectures [including guest lectures], video screenings, and class discussions. Students are required to complete the following forms of assessment, which are weighted differently:
Midterm Examination: 6 March, in class session [30% of course mark].
Final Examination: in exam week, date and place to be announced [cumulative, to cover total course material; 40% of course mark].
Term research paper: due at the end of term, before the final examination, date to be announced [This will be an original piece of writing, on a topic to be selected by the student, in consultation with the instructor. All papers must be typed/word-processed.
Hand-written papers will not be accepted, unless accompanied with a medical excuse/doctor's note. Topics should reflect a student's major and overall research interests; 30% of course mark]. A list of possible topics and themes will be distributed to the class in the fourth week of the semester.

Midterm exam 30%
Final exam 40%
Term paper 30%
Total 100%

In the interests of class discussion and classroom decorum, students are requested to turn off cell phones and all other electronic equipment, to desist from eating and drinking in the classroom, and to arrive promptly. If students have special needs which may affect their achievement in the course and in classroom discussions, these should be brought to the attention of the instructor before class, or in office hours.

Two cautionary notes must be added: plagiarism, i.e., the unacknowledged use of another person's ideas, writings, or electronically-generated material, with the intent of passing them off as your own, is a serious offence and will not be tolerated. Students are advised to review the sections on 'academic dishonesty' in the BU Catalogue for a summary of definitions of plagiarism and cheating, as well as a discussion of procedures which may be activated if an instructor detects any cases of plagiarism. If students in this course have any questions regarding sources and the ways to articulate your research findings please see me in office hours. Furthermore, incompletes are to be avoided at all costs. Late research papers will not be accepted; failure to complete course requirements on time may affect your graduation plans and later course and work loads.

5. Course Themes and Reading Schedule:

All readings are required. With the exception of the course's first meeting, all readings must be finished before the class session for which it is assigned. Failure to do so will hinder class discussion and student understanding and achievement.

1. Introduction: Northern Ireland, Anthropology and Frontiers of Identity
21, 23, January
Ruane and Todd: pp. 84-115.

2. NI Society and Conflict: Ethnicity or nationalism?
28, 30 January, 4 February [Video: 'Mirror, Mirror', 28 January]
Jenkins, 1-87, 165-170.
Coulter, 1-100.

3. Dynamics of Conflict in NI: Historical Dimensions
6, 11 February
Ruane and Todd: pp. 1-83.
Tonge, pp. 1-49.

4. Dynamics of Conflict in NI: politics, economics, culture
13, 18 February
Ruane and Todd: pp. 116-203.
Tonge, pp. 50-97.

5. The 'cultures' of violence, nationalism and politics in NI.
20, 25 February
Jenkins, pp. 90-163.
Sluka, article in Reserve Library.
Feldman, excerpt in Reserve Library.

6. Dynamics of Conflict in NI: national and international dimensions
27 February, 4 March
Ruane and Todd: pp. 204-289.
Tonge, pp. 98-139.

Midterm: 6 March

7. The Peace Process
18, 20 March
Tonge, pp. 140-214.
McGarry, pp. 1-156.
Cox et al., pp. 8-48, 301-325 ['The Agreement'].

8. Representations I: Parading, Loyalism and Belonging
25, 27 March, 1, 3 April [videos: 'Marching Orders', 25 March; 'Anatomy of a Parade' and 'Public Order', 1 April; '12 Days in July', 3 April; guest lecture, D. Bryan, 27 March].
Bryan, pp. 1-181.

9. Representations II: Gender, Power, and Republicanism
8, 10, 15 April
Aretxaga, entire book.
Coulter, pp. 101-148; 200-252
Cox et al., pp. 153-164.

10. Violence, the 'Peace' and the State
22, 24 April
Coulter, pp. 149-199.
Cox et al., pp. 78-115.

11. NI and the Global/Comparative Dimensions: Terrorism, Regionalism, Devolution and Globalization
29 April, 1, 6 May
McGarry, pp. 159-335.
Cox et al., 180-296.

12. Review and Conclusion
8 May

6. Course Resources:

E-Research Resources:

There is a wide range of internet sources that are useful for this course. The Cain Web Site at www.cain.ulst.ac.uk provides a great deal of information on the history and contemporary humanities and social sciences of Northern Ireland; it also provides links to many other useful sites, including government departments, the NI Assembly, political parties, NGOs and various arms of the media. The government of Northern Ireland can be found at http://www.nics.gov.uk/. You might like to look at Democratic Dialogue's web site at www.democraticdialogue.org for useful material on politics and policies. Also see the sites of The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission www.nihrc.org, The Committee on the Administration of Justice www.caj.org.uk, The Pat Finucane Centre www.serve.com/pfc and The Parades Commission www.paradescommission.org for views on human rights, aspects of the parades issue and links related to these. Also of use is Newshound at www.nuzhound.com which brings together stories on Northern Ireland from a wide range of media sources.

Introductory Research Bibliography

Anderson, Benedict
1983 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism London: Verso

Arthur, Paul and Keith Jeffery.
1988 Northern Ireland since 1968. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bardon, Jonathan.
1982 Belfast: An Illustrated History. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
1992 A History of Ulster. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.

Bell, Desmond
1989 Acts of Union. London: Macmillan.
1990 'Modernising History: The Real Politik of heritage and Cultural Tradition in Northern Ireland. In David Miller (ed) Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Bairner, Alan
1997 ''Up to their knees'? Football, Sectarianism, Masculinity and Protestant Working Class Identity'. In Who are 'the people': Unionism, Protestantism and Loyalism in Northern Ireland. Peter Shirlow and Mark McGovern (eds). London: Pluto.

Bennet, Ronan
1998 Don't Mention the War: Culture in Northern Ireland. In David Miller (ed) Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Bew, Paul and Henry Patterson.
1983 The British State & The Ulster Crisis. London: Verso

Bew, Paul, Peter Gibbon and Henry Patterson
1995 Northern Ireland 1921 - 1994: Political Forces and Social Classes. London: Serif.

Boal, F.W.
1994 'Encapsulation: Urban Dimensions of National Conflict' in Managing Divided Cities Seamus Dunn (ed.) Keele: Ryburn Publishing.

Boal, F.W, R.C. Murray et al.
1976 'Belfast: The Urban encapsulation of a National Conflict' in S.E. Clarke and J.L. Obler, eds, Urban Ethnic Conflict: A comparative Perspective. Institute for Research in Social Science. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina: 77-131.

Boal, F.W. and R.C. Murray
1977 'A City in Conflict' Geographical Magazine 44, 364-71.

Bollens, Scott A
1999 Urban peace Building in Divided Societies: Belfast and Johannesburg. Colorado: Westview Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre
1990 In Other Words. Cambridge: Polity Press.
1991 Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bruce, Steve

Brewer, John and Gareth Higgins.
1998 Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland: The Moat and the Beam. London; MacMillan Press.

Bruce, Steve.
1986 God Save Ulster!: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1992 The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bryan, Dominic.
1998a '"Ireland's Very Own Jurassic Park": The Mass Media and the Discourse of 'Tradition' on Orange Parades', in Tony Buckley (ed) Symbols in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies.
1998b '"The Right to March" Parading a loyal Protestant Identity in Northern Ireland', in International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 4:373-396.
2000 'Drumcree and "The Right to March": Ritual and Politics in Northern Ireland.' in T.G Fraser (ed), We'll Follow the Drum: The Irish Parading Tradition. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
2000 Orange Parades: Ritual Tradition and Control. London: Pluto Press.
2001 'Parade Disputes and the Peace Process' in Peace Review Vol.13. No.1 pp. 43-50.

Bryan, Dominic, T.G. Fraser & Seamus Dunn
1995 Political Rituals: Loyalist Parades in Portadown. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict.

Bryan, Dominic & Neil Jarman.
1997. 'Parading tradition, protesting triumphalism: utilising anthropology in public policy'. In Culture and
Policy in Northern Ireland: Anthropology in the Public Arena. Hastings Donnan and Graham McFarlane (eds) Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies.

Bryson, Lucy & Clem McCartney
1994 Clashing Symbols: A Report on the use of Flags, Anthems and other National Symbols in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute for Irish Studies.

Buckley, Anthony & Mary Kenney.
1995 Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor and Social Drama in Northern Ireland. Washington: Smithsonian Institute.

Bufwack, M.S.
1982 Village without Violence: An Examination of a Northern Irish Community. Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman

Burton, Frank
1978 The Politics of Legitimacy: Struggles in a Belfast Community. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.

Cash, John
1996 Identity Ideology and Conflict: The Structuration of Politics in Northern Ireland. Cambridge: CUP.

Cecil, Rosanne
1993 'The Marching Season in Northern Ireland: An Expression of Politico-Religious Identity' in Inside European Identities. Sharon MacDonald (ed.) Oxford: Berg.

Clarke, Liam
1987 Broadening the Battlefield: The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Fein. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan

Cochrane, Fergal.
1997 Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism since the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Cork: Cork University Press.

Cohen, Abner
1993 Masquerade Politics: Explorations in the Structure of Urban Popular Movements. Oxford: Berg Publishing.

Cohen, Anthony
1982 Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1985 The Symbolic Construction of Community. London: Tavistock.
1986 Symbolising Boundaries: Identity and Diversity in British Cultures. Manchester Manchester University Press.
1994 Self Consciousness: An Alternative Anthropology of Identity. London: Routledge.

Coulter, Carol
1995 'Feminism and Nationalism in Ireland'. In David Miller (ed) Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Cebulla, A & Smith, J
1995 Industrial Collapse and Post-Fordist Overdetermination of Belfast. In Peter Shirlow (ed). Development Ireland: Contemporary Issues. London: Pluto Press.

Coulter, Colin
1994. 'Class, Ethnicity and Political Identity in Northern Ireland' Irish Journal of Sociology 4: 1-26.
1999 Contemporary Northern Irish Society. London: Pluto Press

Conner, Walker
1978 'A Nation is a Nation, is a state, is an Ethnic Group, is a...' Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol. 1 No.4: 379-388.

Connerton, Paul
1989 How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Curtin, Chris, and Thomas M. Wilson (eds)
1989. Ireland from Below. Galway University Press.

Curtin, Chris, Hastings Donnan, Thomas M. Wilson (eds)
1993 Irish Urban Cultures Belfast: Institute for Irish Studies.

Cox, Michael & Adrian Guelke and Fiona Stephen.
2000 A Farewell to Arms: From 'Long War' to Long Peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Democratic Dialogue
1996 Power Politics and Positioning: Women in Northern Ireland. Report 4. Belfast: Democratic Dialogue.

Donnan, Hastings & Graham McFarlane
1983 'Informal Social Organisation' Northern Ireland: The Background to the Conflict (ed) John Darby Appletree Press.
1986 'Social Anthropology and the Sectarian Divide in Northern Ireland', in The Sectarian Divide in Northern Ireland Today. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper no.41.
1989 Social Anthropology and Public Policy in Northern Ireland. Aldershot: Avebury

Donnan, Hastings and Thomas M. Wilson
1999 Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State. Oxford: Berg.

Dudley-Edwards, Ruth.
1998 The Faithful Tribe: An Intimate Portrait of the Loyal Institutions. London: Harper Collins.

Dunn, Seamus and Valerie Morgan.
1992 Protestant Alienation in Northern Ireland: A Preliminary Survey. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict.

Edge, Sarah
1998 'Representing Gender and National Identity'. In David Miller (ed) Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Ellison, Graham & Jim Smyth
2000 The Crowned Harp: Policing in Northern Ireland. London: Pluto Press

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland
1992 Ethnicity & Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.

Farrell, Michael.
1976 Northern Ireland: The Orange State. London: Pluto Press.

Feldman, Allen
1989 Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fearon, Kate
1999 Women's Work: The Story of the Northern Ireland Women's Coalition. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press.

Fraser T.G.
1998 The Irish Parading Tradition: Following the Drum. London; MacMillan Press.

Frow, John
1995 Cultural Studies and Cultural Value. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Gaffikin, Frank and Mike Morrissey
1999 City Visions: Imagining Place, Enfranchising People. London: Pluto Press.

Garvaghy Road Residents
1999 Garvaghy: A Community Under Siege. Belfast: Beyond the Pale.

Gibbon, Peter
1972 'The Origins of the Orange Order and the United Irishmen.' Economy and Society 1:134-163.
1975 The Origins of Ulster Unionism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Gillis, John R
1994 Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Gledhill, John
1992 Power and its Disguises: Anthropological Perspectives on Politics. London: Pluto Press.

Hadden, Tom and Anne Donnelly
1997 The Legal Control of Marches in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Community Relations Council.

Haddick-Flynn, Kevin.
1999 Orangeism: The Making of a Tradition. Dublin: Wolfhound Press.

Hall, Stuart & Tony Jefferson (eds.)
1977 Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain. London: Hutchinson.

Hamber, Brandon
1998 Past Imperfect: Dealing with the Past in Northern Ireland and Societies in Transition. Derry: INCORE

Hamilton, A. L. Moore and T. Trimble.
1992 Policing a Divided Society: Issues and Perceptions in Northern Ireland. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict.

Hannerz, Ulf
1980 Exploring the City: Inquiries Towards an Urban Anthropology New York: Columbia University Press

Harris, Rosemary
1972 Prejudice and Tolerance in Ulster. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Harrison, Simon.
1995 'Four Types of Symbolic Conflict', J.Roy.anthrop.Inst (NS) 1: 255-272.

Heslinga, M.W.
1979 The Irish Borer as a Cultural Divide. Netherlands: Van Gorcum Assen.

Hill, Jacqueline
1984. 'National Festivals, The State and "Protestant Ascendancy" in Ireland 1790-1829', Irish Historical Studies XXIV, 93 May.

Hobsbawm, Eric
1983 'Introduction: Inventing Traditions', in The Invention of Tradition. Hobsbawm E & T. Ranger (ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jarman, Neil
1992 'Troubled Images' Critique of Anthropology Vol. 12(2):133-165.
1991 'Intersecting Belfast' In Landscape Politics and Perspectives. B. Bender (ed.) Oxford: Berg Publications.
1996 'Violent Men, Violent Land: Dramatising the Troubles and the Landscape of Ulster' Journal of Material Culture. Vol.1(1) pp39-61
1997 Material Conflicts: Parades and Visual Displays in Northern Ireland Oxford: Berg.
1999 'Regulating Rights and Managing Public Order: Parade Disputes and the Peace Process, 1995-1998. Fordham International Law Journal Vol.22 No.4 pp1415-1439.
1999 Displaying Faith: Orange, Green and Trade Union Banners in Northern Ireland. Belfast; The Institute of Irish Studies.

Jarman, Neil & Dominic Bryan
1995 Parades and Protest: A Discussion of Parading Disputes in Northern Ireland. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict.
1996 From Riots to Rights: Nationalist Parades in the North of Ireland. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict.
1999 Independent Intervention: Monitoring the Police, Parades and Public Order. Belfast: Democratic Dialogue

Jenkins, Richard
1982 Hightown Rules: Growing Up in a Belfast Housing Estate. Leicester: National Youth Bureau.
1984 'Bring it all back home: An Anthropologist in Belfast' in Social Researching: Politics Problems and Practice Colin Bell & Helen Roberts (eds.) London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
1983 Lads, Citizens and Ordinary Kids; Working-Class Youth Life-Styles in Belfast. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
1993 'Beyond Ethnography: Primary Data Sources in the Urban Anthropology of Northern Ireland' in Irish Urban Cultures. Curtin, Chris, Hastings Donnan & Thomas Wilson (eds.) Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies.
1997 Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations London: Sage

Kelly, James
2000 'The Emergence of Political Parading' in Tom Fraser (ed) The Irish Parading Tradition: Following the Drum. London; MacMillan Press.

Kertzer, David
1988 Ritual, Politics, and Power. London: Yale University Press.

Larsen, S.S.
1982 'The Two sides of the House: Identity and Social Organisation in Kilbroney, Northern Ireland', in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures. Anthony Cohen (ed.) Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1982 'The Glorious Twelfth: A Ritual expression of a Collective Identity.' in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures in Anthony Cohen (ed.) Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Leyton, Elliott
1974 'Opposition and Integration in Ulster' Man (N.S.) Vol.9 No.2:185-192

McCall, Cathal
1999 Identity in Northern Ireland: Community Politics and Change. Basingstoke: Macmillan

McCann, Eamonn
1974 War and an Irish Town. London: Penguin.

McFarlane, Graham
1986 'It's not as simple as that': the expression of the Catholic and Protestant boundary in Northern Irish rural communities.' Symbolising Boundaries: Identity and Diversity in British Cultures. Anthony Cohen (ed.) Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1989 'Dimensions of Protestantism: The working of Protestant Identity in a Northern Irish Village.' In Curtin and Wilson, eds. Ireland From Below. Galway: Galway University Press.

Marcus, George & M. Fischer
1986 Anthropology as Cultural Critique. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

McGarry, John and Brendon O'Leary
1995 Explaining Northern Ireland. Oxford: Blackwell.
1999 Policing Northern Ireland: Proposals for a New Start. Belfast: Balckstaff.

McIntosh, Gillian
1999 The Force of Culture: Unionist Identities in Twelfth Century Ireland. Cork: Cork University Press.

McKay, Susan
1999 Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People. Belfast: Blackstaff.

McVeigh, Robbie
1995 'Is Sectarianism Racism? Theorising the racism/sectarianism interface'. In David Miller (ed) Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Middleton, David & Derek Edwards
1989 Collective Remembering. London: Sage Publications

Miller, David, ed.
1998 Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Moore, Ronnie & Andrew Sanders
1996 'The Limits of an Anthropology of Conflict: Loyalist and Republican Paramilitary Organisations' in Northern Ireland in Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution Georgia: University of Georgia Press.

Morgan, Valerie, and Grace Fraser
1994 The Company we Keep: Women, Community and Organisations. Belfast: University of Ulster.

Morgan, Valerie, Marie Smyth, Gillian Robinson and Grace Fraser
1996 Mixed Marriages in Northern Ireland. Coleraine: Centre for the Study of Conflict.

Murtagh, Brendan
1994 Ethnic Space and the Challenge to Land Use Planning: A study of Belfast's Peace Lines. Centre for Policy Research Paper 7.

Nelson, Sarah
1983 Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Loyalists and the Northern Ireland Conflict. Belfast: Appletree Press.

Ni Aolain, Fionnuala
2000 The Politics of Force: Conflict Management and State Violence in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Blackstaff.

O Connor, Fionnuala
1993 In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.

Ó Dochartaigh, Niall
1995 From Civil Rights to Armalites: Derry and the Birth of the Irish Troubles. Cork: Cork University Press.

O'Mahony, Patrick and Gerard Delanty
2001 Rethinking Irish History: Nationalism, Identity and Ideology. Hampshire:Palgrave.

O'Reilly, Camille.
1998 The Irish Language as symbol: visual representations of Irish in Northern Ireland. In Anthony Buckley (ed). Symbols in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies.

Patterson, Henry
1980 Class Conflict and Sectarianism Belfast: Blackstaff Press.

Purdie, Bob
1989 Politics in the Street: The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press.

Rolston, Bill
1989 Politics and Painting: Murals and Conflict in Northern Ireland.: Associated University Press.
1990 'What's Wrong with Multi-culturalism? Liberalism and the Irish Conflict'. In David Miller (ed) Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Rolston, Carmel
1989 'Women on the Margin: The Women's Movement in Northern Ireland, 1973-1998. Science and Society 53 (2): 219-236.

Ruane, Joseph & Jennifer Todd
1995 The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
1998 'Irish Nationalism and the Conflict in Northern Ireland'. In David Miller (ed) Rethinking Northern Ireland. London: Longman.

Ryder, Chris
1996 The RUC 1922-1977: A Force Under Fire. London; Mandarine

Ryder, Chris and Vincent Kearney
2001 Drumcree: The Orange Order's Last Stand. London: Methuen.

Sales, Rosemary
1997 Women Divided: Gender, Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland. London: Routledge.

Scott, James C
1990 Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale.

Shirlow, Peter
2000 'Fear, Mobility and Living in the Ardoyne and Upper Ardoyne Communities'. Report by the Mapping the Spaces of Fear Research Team at the University of Ulster. (http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/community/surveyxs.htm)
2001 'Fear and Ethnic Division' Peace Review Vol 13 No.1 pp67-74.

Shirlow, Peter & Mark McGovern
1995 Who are 'the People'?: Unionism, Protestantism and Loyalism in Northern Ireland. London: Pluto

Silverman, Marilyn & P. H. Gulliver
1992 Approaching the Past: Anthropology through Irish Case Studies. New York: Columbia University Press.

Sluka, Jeffrey
1989 Hearts and Minds, Water and Fish: Popular Support for the IRA and in a Northern Irish Ghetto. Greenwich: JAI Press.
1992 'The Anthropology of Conflict', in The Paths to Domination, and Terror. Carolyn Nordstrom & Joann Martin (eds.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
1992 'The Politics of Paintings: Political Murals in Northern Ireland' in The Paths to Domination, Resistance and Terror. Carolyn Nordstrom & Joann Martin (eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
1995 'Domination, Resistance and Political Culture in Northern Ireland's Catholic-Nationalist Ghettos' Critique of Anthropology. Vol. 15(1): 71-102.

Sugden, John & Alan Bairner.
1986 'Northern Ireland: Sport in a Divided Society', in The Politics of Sport Lincoln, Allison (ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1993 Sport, Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

Weitzer, Ronald
1995 Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Whyte, John
1990 Interpreting Northern Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Williams, Raymond
1977 Marxism and Literature. Oxford:OUP.

Wilson, Richard
1995 Human Rights, Culture & Context: Anthropological Perspectives London Pluto Press

Wilson, Robin
1989 contribution to the debate reported in Crozier, M. Proceedings of the Cultural Traditions Group Conference, 3-4 March 1989. Belfast: Cultural Traditions Group.

Wilson, Thomas M. and Hastings Donnan, eds
1998 Border Identities: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State. Cambridge University Press.

Wright, Frank
1972 'Protestant Ideology and Politics in Ulster' European Journal of Sociology No.14: 213-280.
1987 Northern Ireland: A Comparative Analysis. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan
1996 Two Lands on One Soil: Ulster Politics Before Home Rule. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.